Tying data plane paths to a secure control plane

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, a router located at an exit edge of an autonomous system (AS) receives a data packet in a data plane, and determines a destination of the data packet and an associated AS-path information to the destination. The router may then insert the AS-path information into the data packet, and forwards the data packet with the AS-path information toward the destination, such that a receiving device in a destination AS can validate whether the data packet was routed through a path that was secure from a control plane perspective based on a collection of one or more insertions of AS-path information.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to computer networks, and, moreparticularly, to tying data plane paths to a secure control plane.

BACKGROUND

An Autonomous System (AS) is a network or group of networks under commonadministration and with common routing policies. A typical example of anAS is a network administered and maintained by an Internet ServiceProvider (ISP). Customer networks, such as universities or corporations,connect to the ISP, and the ISP routes the network traffic originatingfrom the customer networks to network destinations that may be in thesame ISP or may be reachable only through other ISPs.

To facilitate the routing of network traffic through one or more ASes,the network elements of the ASes exchange routing information to variousnetwork destinations. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an exteriorgateway protocol (EGP) that is used to exchange routing informationamong network elements (e.g., routers) in the same or different ASes. Acomputer host that executes a BGP process is typically referred to as aBGP host or a BGP device. To exchange BGP routing information, two BGPhosts, or peers, first establish a transport protocol connection withone another. Initially, the BGP peers exchange messages to open a BGPsession, and, after the BGP session is open, the BGP peers exchangetheir entire routing information. Thereafter, only updates or changes tothe routing information are exchanged, or advertised, between the BGPpeers. The exchanged routing information is maintained by the BGP peersduring the existence of the BGP session.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments herein may be better understood by referring to thefollowing description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich like reference numerals indicate identically or functionallysimilar elements, of which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example simplified communication network includingone or more ASes;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example simplified network device/node;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example simplified packet handling for tying dataplane paths to a secure control plane;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example simplified packet format for tying dataplane paths to a secure control plane;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified procedure for tying data planepaths to a secure control plane; and

FIG. 6 illustrates another example simplified procedure for tying dataplane paths to a secure control plane.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Overview

According to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, a router locatedat an exit edge of an autonomous system (AS) receives a data packet in adata plane, and determines a destination of the data packet and anassociated AS-path information to the destination. The router may theninsert the AS-path information into the data packet, and forwards thedata packet with the AS-path information toward the destination, suchthat a receiving device in a destination AS can validate whether thedata packet was routed through a path that was secure from a controlplane perspective based on a collection of one or more insertions ofAS-path information.

In addition, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, areceiving device receives a data packet in a data plane, and determinesa destination of the data packet. Once determining that the destinationof the data packet is within a same AS as the receiving device (e.g., itis the destination or it is a router within the destination AS), thereceiving device, then the receiving device may extract a collection ofone or more insertions of AS-path information from the data packet, andvalidate whether the data packet was routed through a path that wassecure from a control plane perspective based on the collection of oneor more insertions of AS-path information.

DESCRIPTION

A computer network is a geographically distributed collection of nodesinterconnected by communication links and segments for transporting databetween end nodes, such as personal computers and workstations, or otherdevices, such as sensors, etc. Many types of networks are available,ranging from local area networks (LANs) to wide area networks (WANs).LANs typically connect the nodes over dedicated private communicationslinks located in the same general physical location, such as a buildingor campus. WANs, on the other hand, typically connect geographicallydispersed nodes over long-distance communications links. The Internet isan example of a WAN that connects disparate networks throughout theworld, providing global communication between nodes on various networks.The nodes typically communicate over the network by exchanging discreteframes or packets of data according to predefined protocols, such as theTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). In thiscontext, a protocol consists of a set of rules defining how the nodesinteract with each other.

Since management of interconnected computer networks can proveburdensome, smaller groups of computer networks may be maintained asrouting domains or autonomous systems. The networks within an autonomoussystem (AS) are typically coupled together by conventional “intradomain”routers configured to execute intradomain routing protocols, and aregenerally subject to a common authority. To improve routing scalability,a service provider (e.g., an ISP) may divide an AS into multiple “areas”or “levels.” It may be desirable, however, to increase the number ofnodes capable of exchanging data; in this case, interdomain routersexecuting interdomain routing protocols are used to interconnect nodesof the various ASes. Moreover, it may be desirable to interconnectvarious ASes that operate under different administrative domains. Asused herein, an AS, area, or level is generally referred to as a“domain.”

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an example computer network 100illustratively comprising nodes/devices 200 (e.g., as depicted in FIG.2) interconnected by various methods of communication. For instance, thelinks 105 may be any suitable combination of wired links and sharedmedia (e.g., wireless links, etc.) where certain nodes 200, such as,e.g., routers, computers, etc., may be in communication with other nodes200, e.g., based on distance, signal strength, current operationalstatus, location, etc. Those skilled in the art will understand that anynumber of nodes, devices, links, etc. may be used in the computernetwork, and that the view shown herein is for simplicity.

Data packets 160 (e.g., traffic and/or messages sent between thedevices/nodes) may be exchanged among the nodes/devices of the computernetwork 100 using predefined network communication protocols such ascertain known wired protocols, as well as wireless protocols or othershared-media protocols where appropriate.

The computer network 100 includes a set of autonomous systems (AS) 110,120, 130, 140 and 150. The computer network 100 may be positioned in anysuitable network environment or communications architecture thatoperates to manage or otherwise direct information using any appropriaterouting protocol or data management standard. For example, computernetwork 100 may be provided in conjunction with a border gatewayprotocol (BGP).

As noted above, an AS may be a collection of connected Internet Protocol(IP) routing prefixes under the control of one or more network operatorsthat presents a common, clearly defined routing policy to a network(e.g., the Internet). Usually, an AS comprises network devices, e.g.,nodes/devices 200, that are established on the edge of the system, andthat serve as the system's ingress and egress points for networktraffic. Moreover, the devices 200 may be considered edge devices,border routers, or core devices within the respective AS. These networkelements typically, but not always, are routers or any other element ofnetwork infrastructure suitable for switching or forwarding data packetsaccording to a routing protocol or switching protocol. For the purposesof the present disclosure, the network elements located within an AS mayalternatively be referred to as “forwarding devices” or “intermediatedevices.” Moreover, for illustration purposes, the ASes 110, 120, 130,140 and 150 are shown with a limited number of devices 200. In an actualimplementation, however, an AS normally comprises numerous routers,switches, and other elements.

Each AS 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 may be associated with an InternetService provider (ISP). Even though there may be multiple ASes supportedby a single ISP, the Internet only sees the routing policy of the ISP.That ISP must have an officially registered Autonomous System Number(ASN). As such, a unique ASN is allocated to each AS for use in BGProuting. ASNs are important primarily because they uniquely identifyeach network on the Internet.

To facilitate the routing of network traffic through the ASes, or morespecifically, the devices 200 within the ASes, the devices 200 mayexchange routing information to various network destinations. Asdescribed above, BGP is conventionally used to exchange routing andreachability information among network elements, e.g., devices 200,within a single AS or between different ASes. One particular example ofBGP is BGPv4, as defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 1771 of theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Various embodiments mayimplement other versions of BGP, however, and the use of BGPv4 is notrequired. The BGP logic of a router is used by the data collectors tocollect BGP AS path information, e.g., the “AS_PATH” attribute, asdescribed further below, from BGP tables of border routers of an AS, toconstruct paths to prefixes.

To exchange BGP routing information, two BGP hosts (devices 200), orpeers, first establish a transport protocol connection with one another.Initially, the BGP peers exchange messages to open a BGP session, and,after the BGP session is open, the BGP peers exchange their entirerouting information. Thereafter, in certain embodiments, only updates orchanges to the routing information, e.g., the “BGP UPDATE” attribute,are exchanged, or advertised, between the BGP peers. The exchangedrouting information is maintained by the BGP peers during the existenceof the BGP session.

The BGP routing information may include the complete route to eachnetwork destination, e.g., “destination device,” that is reachable froma BGP host. A route, or path, comprises an address destination, which isusually represented by an address prefix (also referred to as prefix),and information that describe the path to the address destination. Theaddress prefix may be expressed as a combination of a network addressand a mask that indicates how many bits of the address are used toidentify the network portion of the address. In Internet Protocolversion 4 (IPv4) addressing, for example, the address prefix can beexpressed as “9.2.0.2/16”. The “/16” indicates that the first 16 bitsare used to identify the unique network leaving the remaining bits inthe address to identify the specific hosts within this network.

A path joining a plurality of ASes, e.g., links 105, may be referred toas an “AS_PATH.” The AS_PATH attribute indicates the list of ASes thatmust be traversed to reach the address destination. For example, asillustrated in FIG. 1, the AS 130 may store an AS_PATH attribute of “110120 140 150” where the address destination is the AS 150 (or aparticular IP address within AS 150). Here, the AS_PATH attributeindicates that the path to the address destination AS 150 from AS 130passes through ASes 110, 120 and 140, in that order.

It should be understood that although it is preferable that all devices200 in the respective ASes 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 be configuredaccording to BGP, in a real-world implementation, it may be unlikelythat each device communicates using BGP. Thus, the disclosed embodimentsare applicable to scenarios where all devices 200 in the network 100 areconfigured according to BGP, as well as scenarios where only a subset ofthe devices 200 is configured as such. Moreover, between any of theASes, there may be a single communication path 105, e.g., between AS 110and AS 130, as shown in FIG. 1, or there may be multiple communicationpaths 105, e.g., between AS 120 and AS 140. Thus, the disclosedembodiments are applicable to either case, as described in furtherdetail below.

Moreover, a security extension to the BGP has been developed, referredto as BGPSEC, which provides improved security for BGP routing. Themotivation for developing BGPSEC is that BGP does not include mechanismsthat allow an AS to verify the legitimacy and authenticity of BGP routeadvertisements. The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) provides afirst step towards addressing the validation of BGP routing data. BGPSECextends the RPKI by adding an additional type of certificate, referredto as a BGPSEC router certificate, that binds an AS number to a publicsignature verification key, the corresponding private key of which isheld by one or more BGP speakers within this AS. Private keyscorresponding to public keys in such certificates can then be usedwithin BGPSEC to enable BGP speakers to sign on behalf of their AS. Thecertificates thus allow a relying party to verify that a BGPSECsignature was produced by a BGP speaker belonging to a given AS. Thus,the goal of BGPSEC is to use signatures to protect the AS Path attributeof BGP update messages so that a BGP speaker can assess the validity ofthe AS Path in update messages that it receives.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an example node/device 200 thatmay be used with one or more embodiments described herein, e.g., as anyof the nodes shown in FIG. 1 above. The device may comprise one or morenetwork interfaces 210 (e.g., wired, wireless, etc.), at least oneprocessor 220, and a memory 240 interconnected by a system bus 250, aswell as a power supply 260 (e.g., battery, plug-in, etc.). Furthermore,the device 200 may be part of an AS, as illustrated in FIG. 1.

The network interface(s) 210 contain the mechanical, electrical, andsignaling circuitry for communicating data over links 105 coupled to thenetwork 100, and thus effecting communication among the ASes 110, 120,130, 140 and 150. The network interfaces may be configured to transmitand/or receive data using a variety of different communicationprotocols. The nodes may have two different types of network connections210, e.g., wireless and wired/physical connections, and that the viewherein is merely for illustration.

The memory 240 comprises a plurality of storage locations that areaddressable by the processor 220 and the network interfaces 210 forstoring software programs and data structures associated with theembodiments described herein. Certain devices may have limited memory orno memory (e.g., no memory for storage other than for programs/processesoperating on the device and associated caches). The processor 220 maycomprise hardware elements or hardware logic adapted to execute thesoftware programs and manipulate the data structures 245. An operatingsystem 242, portions of which are typically resident in memory 240 andexecuted by the processor, functionally organizes the device by, interalia, invoking operations in support of software processes and/orservices executing on the device. These software processes and/orservices may comprise routing process/services 244, in accordance withBGP or BGPSEC, for example, and an illustrative control-and-data planevalidation (“control-data plane validation”) process 248, as describedherein. While control-data plane validation 248 is shown in centralizedmemory 240, alternative embodiments provide for the process to bespecifically operated within the network interfaces 210, such as acomponent of a MAC layer (process “248 a”).

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other processor andmemory types, including various computer-readable media, may be used tostore and execute program instructions pertaining to the techniquesdescribed herein. Also, while the description illustrates variousprocesses, it is expressly contemplated that various processes may beembodied as modules configured to operate in accordance with thetechniques herein (e.g., according to the functionality of a similarprocess). Further, while the processes have been shown separately, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that processes may be routines ormodules within other processes.

Routing process (services) 244 contains computer executable instructionsexecuted by the processor 220 to perform functions provided by one ormore routing protocols, such as a BGP or BGPSEC, as described above.Alternatively, or additionally, the routing process 244 may beconfigured according to a non-BGP protocol, such as various proactive orreactive routing protocols, as will be understood by those skilled inthe art. As described above, the disclosed embodiments are applicable tocases where each router in a single AS, or in several ASes, follows BGP,as well as cases where only a subset of routers follow BGP, whereby theremaining routers are configured according to a different routingprotocol. In either case, functions may, on capable devices, beconfigured to manage a routing/forwarding table (a data structure 245)containing, e.g., data used to make routing/forwarding decisions. In thecase of BGP, for example, the BGP logic of a router, e.g., routingprocess 244, is used to collect BGP AS_PATH information from BGP tablesof border routers, e.g., “peers,” of an AS, to construct paths tovarious destinations. BGP peers exchange or advertise routes usinginformation stored in their routing table, e.g., a data structure 245,via the BGP UPDATE message.

As noted above, routing security is a key concern in BGP-configured ASnetworks. When dealing with routing security, one must consider variousaspects of the router architecture, including the so-called data planeand control plane. As is known in the art, the data plane (or“forwarding plane”) defines the part of the router architecture thatdecides what to do with packets arriving on an inbound interface.Commonly, it refers to a table in which the router looks up thedestination address of the incoming packet and retrieves the informationnecessary to determine the path from the receiving element, through theinternal forwarding fabric of the router, and to the proper outgoinginterface(s). Put another way, the data plane involves network trafficthat goes through the router, instead of to the router.

On the other hand, the control plane defines the part of the routerarchitecture that is concerned with developing the network map, or theinformation in a routing table that defines what to do with incomingpackets. Control plane functions, such as operating in accordance withrouting protocols, run in the architectural control element. In contrastto the data plane, the control plane involves network traffic that isdestined to or locally originated by the router itself.

Currently, methods exist for validating either data plane traffic orcontrol plane traffic, but not both in concurrence. For instance, theInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) extensions provide for, amongother things, a “traceroute,” which performs a data continuity checkwithin the data plane. Alternatively, a specialized BGP attribute, knownas the BGPSEC_Path_Signature, has been developed to digitally sign thedifferent ASes a control plane packet has traversed. However, thesemethods fail to validate whether a data plane packet has actually takenthe path validated at the control plane. In other words, there is no wayto correlate and verify the security control-and-data planesynchronization (e.g., “connectivity verification”) for data travelingacross ASes in a computer network.

Tying Data Plane Paths to a Secure Control Plane

The techniques herein may be used to answer whether an IP packet takesthe path validated by the secured control plane. In particular, asdescribed below, an illustrative implementation involves the addition ofa new IP option (or encapsulation), where routers in the AS edge (e.g.,each router) randomly insert to the IP header the available controlplane security information (in BGPSEC, the BGPSEC_Path_Signaturesattribute). The techniques herein thus may utilize a passive monitoringapproach, which can be used in many different workflows.

The techniques herein may be non-intrusive, as they do not introduce newpackets, but basically add information into existing IPv4 or IPv6packets that travel in the data plane (e.g., in a similar fashion as theIPv4 Route-Record option defined in RFC 791). In this manner, thetechniques herein may be a passive method utilizing metadatapiggy-backed in user packets. Illustratively, the techniques herein maybe used as a troubleshooting tool or as passive monitoring to acquirestatistical information at the destination network. Additionally oralternatively, the techniques may also be used to influence policy ingeneral.

Specifically, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure asdescribed in detail below, a router located at an exit edge of anautonomous system (AS) may receive a data packet in a data plane, anddetermine a destination of the data packet and an associated AS-pathinformation to the destination. The router may then insert the AS-pathinformation into the data packet, and forward the data packet with theAS-path information toward the destination. The AS-path informationincluded in the data packet may allow a receiving device in adestination AS to validate whether the data packet was routed through apath that was secure from a control plane perspective based on acollection of one or more insertions of AS-path information.

Illustratively, the techniques described herein may be performed byhardware, software, and/or firmware, such as in accordance with the“control-data plane validation” process 248/248 a, which may containcomputer executable instructions executed by the processor 220 (orindependent processor of interfaces 210) to perform functions relatingto the techniques described herein, e.g., in conjunction with routingprocess 244. For example, the techniques herein may be treated asextensions to BGP, or other suitable communication protocols, and assuch, may be processed by similar components understood in the art thatexecute those protocols, accordingly. Moreover, the “control-data planevalidation” process 248/248 a may be hosted within the particularrouter, e.g., the device 200, as shown in FIG. 2, or may alternativelybe hosted outside the device 200.

Operationally, the techniques herein consider a network of differentautonomous systems, where each one of them has its set of edge and corerouters. An alternative view of a network 300 is shown in FIG. 3, whereAS 310 comprises an origin device 340 and an edge router R1, anintermediate AS 320 comprises edge routers R2 and R3, and AS 330comprises edge router R4 and destination device 350.

Particularly, according to certain illustrative techniques herein, edgerouters may participate in the inter-domain routing system by speakingBGP and specially BGPSEC (or some other suitable inter-domain routingand security protocols). Thus, in certain embodiments, all edge routershave cryptographic information of the AS_PATH the BGP UPDATE messageshave travelled, and will make routing decisions based on thatinformation. In certain embodiments, therefore, incoming-edge devicesreceiving BGP will perform BGPSEC validations while outgoing-edgedevices will perform BGPSEC signing.

According to one or more embodiments herein, the techniques add toactual data packets (e.g., to the IP layer of that packet) thecryptographic BGP path information available on the control plane sothat a destination station (or intercepting device) can evaluate if thedata plane packet transited the route originally validated by thedifferent control planes. The insertion of this information may occur tothe header of a packet, such as the metadata portion, for example. Theinformation may be inserted in accordance with a possibility presentedin an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Draft entitled“Carrying Metadata in IP Networks”<draft-bryant-ip-metadata-00> (June2013 edition), or else by using an IP hop-by-hop option (similar to aroute-record option) in the original packet or in the outer header of anencapsulation (that maintains the source/destination flow information),for example. Notably, the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv4 forIPv4 and ICMPv6 for IPv6) provides for, among other things, a“traceroute,” which performs data continuity check within the data planeand control plane.

In an illustrative implementation of the techniques herein, each (exitedge) router in the path of an IP packet (e.g., IPv4 or IPv6) will writeto the packet header the cryptographic path information in their systemfor the respective BGP table entry. In the case of BGPSEC, thecryptographic information to be included would consist of the completeBGPSEC_Path_Signatures BGP Attribute. In one embodiment, the insertionof this information is only necessary on the interface where a packetleaves an AS (exit/egress router), and not on all the routers in thepath.

With reference still to FIG. 3, and now in conjunction with FIG. 4showing simplified packet formats, assume, for example, that a datapacket 160 is originated at an origin device/station 340 and sent towarda destination device 350 via AS 310 egress router R1. At this point, theoriginal packet comprises a header 410, associated metadata 415, and apayload 420, as may be appreciated by those skilled in the art. At thispoint, R1 dumps its view of the BGPSEC Attribute for the selected route,inserting it into the packet 160-1 as “R1 Path” 416 (illustrativelywithin the metadata 415, though not limited thereto). Ingress router R2of AS 320 receives the updated packet 160-1, and since R2 is an ingressrouter (i.e., not an exit-edge router), it does not need to dump itsBGPSEC attributes and may forward the packet toward R3 unchanged. Assuch, R3, an exit router, may dump its view of BGPSEC Attribute for theselected route (“R3 Path” 417) into the packet (now labelled 160-2), andforward the packet 160-2 into AS 330 via R4. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, R4, or some other intercepting node, may analyze thereceived data (and as described herein, may also influence network orapplication policies), and may restore the packet to its original form160 by removing the embedded BGPSEC Attributes. In particular, in thisembodiment if a router (or other device) examines the path information,then the cryptographic information can be stripped off the packet (sothat the destination device is not burdened).

Specifically, once the packet with embedded data arrives at the endstation (destination device 350, or illustratively the interceptingdevice, R4), the cryptographic path information may be validated todetermine whether the packets have been routed through a path that wassecure from a control plane perspective. Said differently, in oneembodiment, once the cryptographic information has reached thedestination host (end station), it can be validated and analyzed, suchas by using the RPKI. The destination host implements an algorithm thatchecks that every AS hop in the different received cryptographicextensions (e.g., BGPSEC_Path_Signatures) 416, 417, etc., is valid andthat the proper ASPATH chains are followed. Alternatively, in theembodiment shown in FIGS. 3-4, a router (or an intercepting deep packetinspection (DPI) device) at the destination network could capture theinformation from the new IP header option and validate it, as the routeris already implementing BGPSEC validation.

Based on the BGP path information/validation, network policy may beinfluenced, and statistical analysis/alarms will be available from therouters. For example, this information could affect the BGP policiescurrently in use, and/or may be made available to the origin devicethrough a sharing mechanism, e.g., one similar to a route server/lookingglass.

For the BGP path insertion, routers could perform the techniques hereinin a sampled way, where one over a given number of packets in every flowincludes the added cryptographic path information. Additionally, thecryptographic information could be added in only specially inserted andmarked packets (e.g., packets with a given IP protocol number, a certaintype of packet, a certain class of packet, a certain priority of packet,etc.). Also, in one embodiment, routers may be configured to rate limitthe amount of processing availability to spend on the operation to avoidan inadvertent denial of service (DoS) attack being triggered on itsown.

Furthermore, to avoid problems with exceeding maximum transmission unit(MTU) sizes, the routers inserting cryptographic information in the pathof data-plane packets may confirm that the total size of the packets iskept under the IPv6 minimal MTU size of 1280 bytes (or whatever MTU sizeis in place in the selected network transmission protocol). Theestimated packet size of this new option will be less than 400 bytes fora typical Internet diameter (i.e., not per AS, but considering theaverage ASPATH length of four ASes). As the average packet size for theInternet is still below 800 bytes, a router should not have problemfinding packets to insert the added information. In one embodiment,routers may introduce the BGP path information randomly or to a selectportion of packets, so may be configured to apply the techniques hereinfor packets that have an appropriate packet size (e.g., avoiding addingbits to already large packets).

Certain embodiments of the techniques described herein are equipped tohandle possible load-balancing techniques between different paths (e.g.,equal-cost-multi-path, or ECMP). That is, in certain embodiments,load-balancing is not problematic because if more than one path isavailable, routers in all the paths will at one point introduce thecorresponding BGP path information, especially by introducing enoughentropy to allow covering all ECMP options. Also, as the samplingdecisions are taken in each router, a simple implementation would be toround-robin the insertion of the additional information over all paths.

Similar to the route-record option being used for management purposesusing the known “ping -R” option, the techniques herein may be used toprovide a feedback mechanism. However, unlike “ping-R”, with certainembodiments of the techniques described herein, the BGPSEC securityinformation may be additionally available, and more importantly, thetechniques herein may provide end-to-end BGPSEC control-and-data planecorrelation and verification. For instance, as the techniques herein arean “online” solution where data is added to real data-plane IP packetsand results are analyzed by the destination (unidirectional forwardsolution), by applying these techniques to traceroute-like probepackets, the validation may (also) occur at the origin device, wherereturned packets (e.g., in response to an incrementally increased andexpired time-to-live counter) include the BGPSEC path information fromeach edge device, accordingly. For an example of such traceroute-likeprobe packets, reference is made to commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No.9,641,430, entitled “Verifying Data Plane Paths Based on a ValidatedSecure Control Plane”, which was filed by Gagliano et al. on even dateherewith, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified procedure for tying data planepaths to a secure control plane in accordance with one or moreembodiments described herein. The procedure 500 may start at step 505,and continues to step 510, where, as described in greater detail above,a router located at an exit edge of an autonomous system (AS) receives adata packet 160 in a data plane. In step 515, the router may determine adestination of the data packet and an associated AS-path information tothe destination, where as mentioned above, the AS-path information maycomprise a border gateway protocol (BGP) Path attribute, such as aBGP_Path_Signatures BGP attribute. In step 520, the router mayoptionally select a portion of data packets for which the AS-pathinformation is inserted, such as particular data packets selected from:random data packets; a particular type of data packet; a particularclass of data packet; a particular priority of data packet; a particularprotocol of data packet; a particular size of data packet (e.g., toprevent insertion of the AS-path information if the inserting wouldincrease a size of the data packet beyond an MTU size), and so on.

Accordingly, in step 525, the router may insert the AS-path informationinto the data packet (e.g., into a metadata portion of the data packetor into a hop-by-hop option within a header portion of the data packet,as detailed above), and forwards the data packet in step 530 with theAS-path information toward the destination, such that a receiving devicein a destination AS can validate whether the data packet was routedthrough a path that was secure from a control plane perspective based ona collection of one or more insertions of AS-path information (e.g., asin FIG. 6 below). It should be understood that the header portion of thedata packet may incorporate various header types, such as an ExtensionHeader, in the instance of IPv6, for example. The illustrative andsimplified procedure 500 may then end in step 535.

In particular, FIG. 6 illustrates another example simplified procedurefor tying data plane paths to a secure control plane in accordance withone or more embodiments described herein. The procedure 600 may start atstep 605, and continues to step 610, where, as described in greaterdetail above, a receiving device (e.g., the actual destination or anintercepting device located within the destination AS) receives a datapacket in a data plane, and determines a destination of the data packetin step 615. Upon determining in step 620 that the destination of thedata packet is within a same AS as the receiving device, then in step625, if so configured, the receiving device extracts a collection of oneor more insertions of AS-path information from the data packet.Accordingly, in step 630, the receiving device (e.g., destination orso-configured intercepting device) may validate whether the data packetwas routed through a path that was secure from a control planeperspective based on the collection of one or more insertions of AS-pathinformation. As mentioned above, the receiving device may also influencenetwork policy based on the validating in step 635, prior to theillustrative and simplified procedure 600 ending in step 640.

While certain steps within procedures 500-600 may be optional asdescribed above, the steps shown in FIGS. 5-6 are merely examples forillustration, and certain other steps may be included or excluded asdesired. Further, while a particular order of the steps is shown, thisordering is merely illustrative, and any suitable arrangement of thesteps may be utilized without departing from the scope of theembodiments herein. Moreover, while procedures 500-600 are describedseparately, certain steps from each procedure may be incorporated intoeach other procedure, and the procedures are not meant to be mutuallyexclusive.

The techniques described herein, therefore, tie data plane paths to asecure control plane. In particular, while current techniques onlyattempt to secure the control plane, the techniques herein may be usedto verify that the data-plane is actually following the secured controlplane. In this sense, without the techniques herein, the idea that asecure control plane protects the data plane could be challenged. Anadvantage of the techniques herein is thus to provide a mechanism tocryptographically validate that the data-plane followed paths validatedby the control plane. Another advantage is the passive monitoring natureof the techniques as described.

While there have been shown and described illustrative embodiments thatprovide for tying data plane paths to a secure control plane, it is tobe understood that various other adaptations and modifications may bemade within the spirit and scope of the embodiments herein. For example,the embodiments have been shown and described herein with relation toBGP-configured networks. However, the embodiments in their broader senseare not as limited, and may, in fact, be used with other types ofinter-AS/domain protocols. That is, while certain protocols are shown,such as BGP and BGPSEC, other suitable protocols may be used,accordingly.

The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments. Itwill be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications maybe made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or allof their advantages. For instance, it is expressly contemplated that thecomponents and/or elements described herein can be implemented assoftware being stored on a tangible (non-transitory) computer-readablemedium (e.g., disks/CDs/RAM/EEPROM/etc.) having program instructionsexecuting on a computer, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof.Accordingly this description is to be taken only by way of example andnot to otherwise limit the scope of the embodiments herein. Therefore,it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations andmodifications as come within the true spirit and scope of theembodiments herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: receiving a data packet ina data plane at a router located at an exit edge of an autonomous system(AS); determining a destination of the data packet and an associatedAS-path information to the destination; selecting particular datapackets for which the AS-path information is inserted from at least oneof a particular type of data packet; a particular class of data packet;a particular priority of data packet; a particular protocol of datapacket; or a particular size of data packet; inserting the AS-pathinformation into the data packet in the data plane if the data packet isselected; and forwarding the data packet with the AS-path informationtoward the destination wherein a receiving device in a destination ASthat receives the data packet validates whether the data packet in thedata plane was routed through a path that was secure from a controlplane perspective based on a collection of one or more insertions ofAS-path information in one or more data packets received on the dataplane.
 2. The method as in claim 1, wherein the AS-path informationcomprises a border gateway protocol (BGP) Path attribute.
 3. The methodas in claim 2, wherein the AS-path information comprises aBGP_Path_Signatures BGP attribute.
 4. The method as in claim 1, whereinthe AS-path information is inserted into a metadata portion of the datapacket.
 5. The method as in claim 1, wherein the AS-path information isinserted into a hop-by-hop option within a header portion of the datapacket.
 6. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: selecting aportion of data packets for which the AS-path information is inserted.7. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: preventing insertion ofthe AS-path information if the inserting would increase a size of thedata packet beyond a maximum transmission unit (MTU) size.
 8. The methodas in claim 1, wherein the receiving device is one of either thedestination or an intercepting device located within the destination AS.9. A method, comprising: receiving, at a receiving device, a data packetin a data plane; determining a destination of the data packet;determining that the destination of the data packet is within a sameautonomous system (AS) as the receiving device; extracting a collectionof one or more insertions of AS-path information from the data packet,the one or more insertions of AS-path information inserted in the datapack based on at least one of a particular type of the data packet; aparticular class of the data packet; a particular priority of the datapacket; a particular protocol of the data packet; or a particular sizeof the data packet; and validating whether the data packet in the dataplane was routed through a path that was secure from a control planeperspective based on the collection of one or more insertions of AS-pathinformation in one or more data packets received on the data plane. 10.The method as in claim 9, wherein the AS-path information comprises aborder gateway protocol (BGP) Path attribute.
 11. The method as in claim10, wherein the AS-path information comprises a BGP_Path_Signatures BGPattribute.
 12. The method as in claim 9, wherein the AS-path informationis inserted into one of either a metadata portion of the data packet ora hop-by-hop option within a header portion of the data packet.
 13. Themethod as in claim 9, wherein the receiving device is one of either thedestination or an intercepting device located within the destination AS.14. The method as in claim 9, further comprising: influencing networkpolicy based on the validating.
 15. An apparatus, comprising: one ormore network interfaces to communicate with a computer network as anedge router for an autonomous system (AS); a processor coupled to thenetwork interfaces and configured to execute one or more processes; anda memory configured to store a process executable by the processor, theprocess when executed operable to: receive a data packet in a data planeas a router located at an exit edge of an autonomous system (AS);determine a destination of the data packet and an associated AS-pathinformation to the destination; select particular data packets for whichthe AS-path information is inserted from at least one of a particulartype of data packet; a particular class of data packet; a particularpriority of data packet; a particular protocol of data packet; or aparticular size of data packet; insert the AS-path information into thedata packet in the data plane if the data packet is selected; andforward the data packet with the AS-path information toward thedestination, wherein a receiving device in a destination AS thatreceives the data packet validates whether the data packet in the dataplane was routed through a path that was secure from a control planeperspective based on a collection of one or more insertions of AS-pathinformation in one or more data packets received on the data plane. 16.The apparatus as in claim 15, wherein the AS-path information comprisesa border gateway protocol (BGP) BGP_Path_Signatures BGP attribute. 17.The apparatus as in claim 15, wherein the AS-path information isinserted into one of either a metadata portion of the data packet or ahop-by-hop option within a header portion of the data packet.
 18. Theapparatus as in claim 15, wherein the process when executed is furtheroperable to: prevent insertion of the AS-path information if theinserting would increase a size of the data packet beyond a maximumtransmission unit (MTU) size.
 19. An apparatus, comprising: one or morenetwork interfaces to communicate with a computer network; a processorcoupled to the network interfaces and configured to execute one or moreprocesses; and a memory configured to store a process executable by theprocessor, the process when executed operable to: receiving, as areceiving device, a data packet in a data plane; determine a destinationof the data packet; determine that the destination of the data packet iswithin a same autonomous system (AS) as the receiving device; extract acollection of one or more insertions of AS-path information from thedata packet, the one or more insertions of AS-path information insertedin the data pack based on at least one of a particular type of the datapacket; a particular class of the data packet; a particular priority ofthe data packet; a particular protocol of the data packet; or aparticular size of the data packet; and validate whether the data packetin the data plane was routed through a path that was secure from acontrol plane perspective based on the collection of one or moreinsertions of AS-path information in one or more data packets receivedon the data plane.
 20. The apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the AS-pathinformation comprises a border gateway protocol (BGP)BGP_Path_Signatures BGP attribute.
 21. The apparatus as in claim 19,wherein the apparatus is one of either the destination or anintercepting device located within the destination AS.
 22. The apparatusas in claim 19, wherein the process when executed is further operableto: influence network policy based on the validating.